The present work highlights the use of the methanolic extract of the flowers of Tagetes erecta as an acid-base indicator in acid-base titrations. This natural indicator is easy to extract as well as easily available. Indicators used in titration show well marked changes of colour in certain intervals of pH. Most of these indicators are organic dyes and are of synthetic origin. Today synthetic indicators are the choice of acid-base titrations. But due to environmental pollution, availability and cost, the search for natural compounds as an acid-base indicator was started. Herbal indicators are evaluated by using strong acid-strong base, strong acid-weak base, weak acid-strong base and weak acid weak base. In all these titrations the methanolic extract of the flowers of Tagetes erecta was found to be very useful, economical, simple and accurate for acid base titration.

This study examines iron contamination of well water within Makurdi urban area. Water samples were collected from 15 wells and analysed for iron concentration as it affect the quality of drinking water. The analyses were done according to standard method of water examination. The results of the analyses show that 40% of wells studied exhibit elevated iron concentrations above the WHO limits for drinking water. The presence of iron in shallow wells of the study area may be traced to the local environment of the wells. These include: the geology, dissolution of iron minerals from rocks and soil, precipitation and run off, construction and agricultural activities. Although iron concentrations at objectionable levels were noted in some of the shallow wells, most residents were found using them for drinking and other domestic purposes, since the public water supply is generally inadequate and in most cases inaccessible. To reduce health risk some form of treatment like filtering and or reverse osmosis may be applied before use.

In this research ,the activated charcoal derived from almonds shell was found to have a good non conventional adsorbent used for the adsorption of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and egg white albumin (EWA) .In the present study pH=6 of BSA and contact time of 80 min as well as EWA of pH =2 and contact time of 80min .The effect of doses shows that activated charcoal from almonds shell of 0.2 g for BSA,EWA respectively .The effect of temperature and thermodynamic functions wear also studied and found that the adsorption ratio decrease with increase the temperature and the reactions was exothermic and spontaneous .After fixing the best conditions for the adsorption .The results were analyzed by the Langmiur, Freundlich equation using linearized correlation coefficient ,the pseudo first order rate equation by Lagergren was tested on the kinetic.

Ocimum basilicum is a common herb that is known for its ornamental and therapeutic importance. The chemical constituents which have been isolated from the plant include terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponin glycosides and ascorbic acid. Ithas been reported to be hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic, antitoxic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal. The present review is aimed to cover the phytochemical study and pharmacological investigations on this important medicinal herb.

This paper describes graduate chemistry practical related to mutual solubility of liquids and phase coexistence. The diversity of the phase transition shows that heating produces mixing and separation. The practical consists of short experiment on the general theme of miscibility of aqueous and organic phases by varying the temperature. The phases were selected as phenol - water and nicotine- water system. The experiment was preceded by the interaction of equal quantities of phenol-water and nicotine-water at room temperature and higher temperature about 80°C. There was a change in miscibility of phases at higher temperature. At about 80°C the phenol- water mixture becomes monophasic while it is heterogeneous at room temperature. The water – phenol phase show limited miscibility below 70 °C. While the nicotine -water phases become heterogenous at higher temperature and at room temperature they were monophasic. The temperature at which these phases were merges is known as clearing temperature or cloud temperature. It lies on the liquid-liquid coexistence line. The experiment required careful observations by students at various temperatures ranges from 20oC to 100oC at the step of 20 0C and followed by result and discussions. Analysis of the data predicted that students were enjoying by working out the practical and it would be bestowing tremendously beneficial learning experience. The aim of this study was to explore the concept of the phenomenon of phase changes by varying the temperatures and can interpret macroscopic and microscopic properties of the system by relating to the thermodynamic properties. These experiments were beneficial for the isolation and separation of toxic compounds like nicotine and phenol from the waste stream. It is effective and low cost method to save the environment and ecosystem.

An experiment was carried out under field conditions to determine the impact of silicon application with different concentrations (20, 40, 60 ppm), on selected physiological characteristics of the leaves of mungbean (Vignaradiata) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) under different 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% soil moisture regimes. Stock solution (100 ppm) of silicon was prepared by MgSi3 salt but apply as 20, 40, 60 ppm solution in both treated and control plants. Results showed that silicon application significantly increases total carbohydrate and protein contents in treated samples as compare to control plants. In present study we concluded that silicon promoted growth in the drought susceptible species to greater extent and it’s more beneficial for carbohydrates and protein metabolism of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as compare to mungbean (Vignaradiata) plants.

Asthma is a wide speared disease all over the world. In this disease breathing is not smooth due to contraction of bronchitis. Ventolin is an effective drug for this purpose and is widely used. Its active ingredient is Salbutamol Sulphate, which is bronchodilator. Due to oxygen and nitrogen donor sites of Salbutamol (Fig I), it has been assumed that it may interact with metals present in the biological system, and therefore disturb the metals metabolism and imbalance the equilibrium. On the other hand two third of the body’s iron is found in hemoglobin which is an oxygen storage protein. Therefore may iron is chelated by the Salbutamol ion in the stomach. The chelation of iron by salbutamol, stability of the complex and Stoichiometry at acidic pH of the said complex is investigated implied Spectrophotometric technique. Salbutamol formed highly colored complex with iron having maximum absorbance at 550nm. A 1:3 complex formation in buffered and non buffered solutions at 30°C was found using mole ratio and slope ratio methods. Molar extinction coefficients were determined by calibration curve method and was found very high in non buffered solution comparative to buffered solutions. Stability constant of ML1 is found 6.3635, ML2 is 11.919 and ML3 is 16.858 in non buffered solution. Closer ln? values were found in buffer of pH 3.0 and 3.5.

In this study a commercial charcoal derived walnut shell was used for the adsorption of ions by U.V-Visible absorption spectroscopy technique. Various operating parameters studied were adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time and temperature The effect of contact time was investigated and found that the adsorption process of Fe+3, Cr+3 ions on charcoal derived from walnut shell surface was reached at completed equilibrium within 60 min while the adsorption of Cd+2 was reached equilibrium within 30 min .The effect of the weight of the charcoal derived on the adsorption process was studied a group weight in the range (0.05- 0.2 g).The extent of the adsorption found to decreased the temperature increased i.e, exothermic adsorption .The thermodynamic parameters ?G, ?H, ?S were calculated and explained in the mean of the chemical structure of the adsorbate which the values of removal percentage% and Distribution ratio (Kd).The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm equations were applied to the data and values of parameter of these isotherms equations were evaluated the adsorption.